The Realism Theory Of The War On Afghanistan - 1648 Words

There are, however, aspects that disqualify the realism theory in examining the War in Afghanistan. For example, realism explicitly applies to relations between nations and consequently, war between countries. This was not the case, since the war did and still does not involve conflict between America and Afghanistan. Rather the war was between America and the Taliban government that supported the infamous terror group, al Qaeda. For this reason, realist theory does not explain this highly controversial war. Another aspect that contravenes realism as an appropriate theoretical approach to understanding the War in Afghanistan is that fact that, America toppled the Taliban government within its first few months of the invasion. Realism cannot, as a result, explain why American troops and those of allied forces have not yet been pulled out of Afghanistan more than a decade after war started (Bird and Marshall 37). Another principal attribute that disqualifies realism in debunking the Afghanistan War is the fact that America made concerted efforts to gain support from the United Nations (UN) before commencing the invasion. This contravenes the assertion put forth by the realist theory that, a nation does not take the international system or organization into consideration when taking actions directed towards safeguarding its survival. The autonomous action stipulated in realism is particularly essential when a state is threatened and cannot afford to trust other nations. InShow MoreRelatedRealism And The Cold War843 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Realism? Realism is defined in the book as a school of thought that explains international relations in terms of power. This basically means that realism is a political view on global issues that puts stress on both the conflict side and the competition side in the scenarios. â€Å"Realists tend to treat political power as separate from, and predomi nant over, morality, ideology, and other social and economic aspects of life† (Goldstein 44). Now after learning all this information about realismRead MoreLiberalism And The United Nations878 Words   |  4 Pagesprojection of how international relations ought to be; now, liberalism is a modern theory towards peace attained with a state’s ambition for dominance. â€Å"Self-interest† has two definitions in accordance to liberalism and realism. Liberalism considers the measure of power within states through stable economies, the possibility of peace and cooperation, as well as the concepts of political freedoms (human rights). Realism believes states are driven by competitive self-interest; international organizationsRead MoreRealism And The Theory Of Realism1939 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The idea of Realism was unofficially was created in fifth century BC by Thucydides, and continued through Niccolo Machiavelli. This lead to the first official IR theory of realism in Thomas Hobbes, amd Hans Morgenthau, known as Classical Realist. From there Classical Realism evolved to the ideas of Kenneth Waltz, which brought along the ideas of neo-realism or structural realism theory. Then came offensive, defensive, and neoclassical realism. Overall the main idea of realism is defined by internationalrelationsRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies916 Words   |  4 Pagesin tune with the current international system and one that focuses on a foreign policy based on realism instead of a foreign policy based on idealism. In the following, I will look at the foreign policies of the current presidential candidates and I will discuss which policies are in tune with the current international system and which ones are out of tune with reality.†¨ Political realism is a theory of political philosophy that tries to explain political relations. It takes the assumption thatRead MorePower, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken : Taylor And Francis920 Words   |  4 Pages (450)First Annotated Bibliography: Guzzini, Stefano. 2013. Power, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Guzzini (2013) defines the important features of international relations theories, which define the underscoring themes of â€Å"realism† as a dominant type of political methodology for American imperialism. 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The realistic theory which has been examined and supported by philosophers such as Hans Morgenthau and Thomas Hobbes, concludes that the world operates within a state of anarchy. The states tend to strive and pursue for their own benefit and the primary objective for the states is survival and power. Therefore, an accumulation of resources and military is vital. MuchRead MoreThe United States Military Operations1694 Words   |  7 PagesUnited State (U.S) in Afghanistan was not justified considering soldiers and civilian’s causalities, the waste of time and equally so the mismanagement of resources. As a result, there are stupendous argument or proof to support these facts contradictorily; there are even stronger and amazing points of view that support the ju stifications of military presence by the U.S. in Afghanistan. The main reasons for the military operation by the U.S. in Afghanistan were to fight the â€Å"war on terror† and to weakeningRead MoreCompare and Assess the Three Alternative Theoretical Approaches to International Relations (Realism, Institutionalism, State-Society Approaches) in Terms of Their Ability to Explain Outcomes in the Issue-Area of War.1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of war and peace has become an increasingly important area concerning international relations over the past decade. Wars varying from Russia’s invasion of Georgia, to the United States involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan placed war on top of international politics agenda. These wars, along with all other wars, are started for various reasons, which different international relations theories try to identify. Theories such as realism or institutionalism may have severely different views onRead MoreU.s. Unilateralism And Military Intervention Throughout The World901 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Realism as a theoretical international relations approach to the problem of U.S. unilateralism and military intervention throughout the world. An exanimation of the post-9/11 era of the Bush Doctrine will define the premise of â€Å"realism† as a valid international relations theory that defines the unilateral invasion of Iraq in 2003. This aspect of the Bush Administrations use of military intervention in the 2000s has continued to expand under the Obama Administration. The theory of realism is based

American Workers Are More Beneficial And Cost Efficient...

Many American workers are at risk of losing their jobs to man-made machinery. One author, Adam Davidson,wrote â€Å"Making It in America,† and he argues that American workers are more beneficial and cost efficient than machinery. He uses his interview with Standard Motor Products employee, Maddie Parlier, to build his argument. Maddie is a low educated worker who was forced to take the job at SMP when she became pregnant her senior year of high school. Though she was quick and effective working the laser-welding machine, the unskilled job increased her chance of being replaced by a machine. Many manufacturing companies have found machines more efficient, but don’t realize the effect on American workers. Davidson builds his credibility with logical facts and statistics, and displaying emotional appeals to influence the audience; however, by the end of his article, his ability to influence his readers with his supporting facts strengthens his argument. Throughout â€Å"M aking It in America,† Davidson uses his personal experiences to strengthen his credibility and support his argument. The author’s sources come from personal interactions with the Standard Motor Products Company, including interviews with Maddie Parlier, Luke Hutchins (skilled machinists at SMP), and manager Tony Scalzitti. Tony comes to explain that, â€Å"Maddie is cheaper than a machine,† (Davidson 338). The manager tells us that low-skilled workers are capable of being trained in a short amount of time, whileShow MoreRelatedThe Advantages of International Trade803 Words   |  3 Pagesand demand are affected by global events or activities. For example, Political change in Asia could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. 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Roosevelt and his committees drafted The New Deal, consisting of policies which they hoped would help all declining facets of the nation at the time. The American people needed to heed a promising leader that would set plans to end the depression, a change from president Hoover who seemed to have no set plan for foe dealing with such economic crisis. The New Deal aimed to stimulate the economy, create jobs,Read MoreThe Impact of Automation on American Culture Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesA few decades ago, the dream of nearly every American was to one day own a car. In present age, this dream has become a reality for the majority of the population. A 2001 report released by the Energy Information Administration showed that on average America alone has approximately 1.79 cars per household (Household vehicles energy, 2005).With all of the luxuries and technologies that are made available for Americans, the United States has proven that they are one of the most advanced nations in

Adaptive Systems Development Comfort Quilts Ltd †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Adaptive Systems Development Comfort Quilts Ltd. Answer: Introduction Comfort Quilts Limited is a business unit that is based out of Sydney, Australia and it operates with the aid of a website. The business organization sells eiderdowns to retail stores and wholesale outlets. Alison Williams is the owner of the business and the business has now expanded to a great extent. There are part time and full time employees that are engaged with the business organization. There are various business processes that are currently carried out in the organization. However, with the expansion of the business, there are certain issues that have started to crop up that are adversely impacting the quality of the services. There is an advanced information system that has been proposed for Comfort Quilts Limited to make sure that the problems with the existing system are avoided. There are various approaches and methodologies that may be followed for the development of the information system that has been proposed for Comfort Quilts Limited. These methodologies and approaches usually fall in two categories as predictive and adaptive approaches. The predictive approaches include a predefined set of methods and processes that shall be followed. However, in the case of adaptive approach, the plan and steps of action depend upon the nature of the project and the set of the system functions that are associated with it (Pope-Ruark, 2012). The approach that is suitable for the information system that shall be developed for Comfort Quilts Limited is adaptive system development approach. It is because of the probability of the changes in the requirements that may take place along with the involvement of various entities in this case. SCRUM Methodology SCRUM methodology is one of the methodologies that come under the adaptive approach for the system development. This is an ad-hoc methodology that does not have a fixed process or a predefined path. However, there are certain activities that have been defined that make it possible to carry out the project tasks and activities (Pathak, Pateriya and Pal, 2012). The requirements, specification and the factors that are associated with the project are analyzed and the product backlog is created by the project owner which can be termed as a wishlist. The entire project is covered and carried out in a series of iterations and these iterations are called sprints. The entire set of product backlog is sub-divided in different parts and every sprint accomplishes one sub-division of the entire backlog. One sprint lasts for a maximum of four weeks and can range in between two to four weeks. There is also a daily meeting that is carried out in which the activities for a day are planned. The issues and conflicts associated with the project are also discussed in this meeting. It becomes the responsibility of the SCRUM Master to make sure that all the project activities are being carried out as per the project estimates and specifications. A sprint review is carried out at the end of the sprint and the team then focuses upon the next sprint that needs to be covered (Mahnic and Zabkar, 2012). Benefits of the SCRUM Methodology In case of Comfort Quilts Limited, the SCRUM methodology has been selected and recommended as it will be the most suitable methodology on the basis of the requirements and specifications. This methodology will offer the following advantages and benefits. The processes and business operations that will be carried out in terms of the supplier information management and applications, report generation and extraction etc will be carried out with much ease leading to higher productivity of the business organization (Kaur and Bansal, 2017). There may be many changes that may come up in terms of the requirements and specifications. These changes may be done to the technology that is used or customer relationship management system, supplier requirements, reporting requirements and likewise. SCRUM methodology will make it possible to handle these changes without any need to carry out massive re-works and changes in the system being followed (Azanha et al., 2017). Every sprint that will be carried out in the project will be reviewed by the internal stakeholders, external stakeholders including the end-users. In this manner, the specific areas of improvements will be highlighted and the recommended changes will be covered in the next sprint. In this manner, the end product will be in accordance with the expectations of the end users. The employees of Comfort Quilts Limited will have an integrated platform and the availability of the same will be possible quickly and as per the promised schedule. This will lead to the enhancement of the productivity and satisfaction levels of the employees (Moe, Dingsoyr and Dyba, 2010). The information system that will be developed for Comfort Quilts Limited will be flexible and scalable in nature. This will make sure that compatibility of the system with other technological and automated systems will be easy to make and ensure (Machado, Pinheiro and Tamanini, 2014). The quality of the business processes and operations will also improve which will lead to the increase in the revenues and sales that will be earned by the organization over a period of time. Apart from the above benefits, SCRUM methodology will also make it possible to keep the data and information secure and protected at all times. The security and privacy of the information will be possible and it will be ensured (Cervone, 2011). Event table Event Event Type Trigger Source Activity/Use Case System Response/ Output Destination CQL wants to add new Internal New supplier to be added Supplier Create supplier A new supplier has been added CQL, new supplier CQL makes a new purchase Internal New purchase is to be added Supplier Create purchase A new purchase has been made CQL, new purchase CQL makes a shipment Internal New shipment is to be made CQL Create shipment A new shipment has been added CQL, purchase CQL adds a new product Internal New product/quilt is to be added CQL Create product A new product/quilt is to be added CQL, product Domain Model Class Diagram Use Case Create supplier Scenario Create new supplier Triggering Event Company wants to add new supplier in the system Description Allows suppliers to get registered on the panel of suppliers Actors Supplier Related Use Case N/A Stakeholders 1. Supplier Pre-Condition NA Post-Condition A new supplier has been created Flow of activities Actor System 1) Supplier clicks on Register as supplier on the portal. 3) Supplier fills the form and submits it. 2) The portal displays form with fields - name, business number, address, telephone, email, country, currency goods sold in and payment terms. 5) System displays a unique identification number for the new created supplier. Alternate Course of Action 5.1 If supplier enters incorrect details or does not enter mandatory values, then error message is shown in relation to the respective error. Conclusion There are various system development methodologies that may be used and implemented in the business organizations in the current scenario. Comfort Quilts Limited is a Sydney based business organization that is planning to implement an advanced information system in its architecture. The recommended approach for the design and development of the information system is adaptive system development with the use of SCRUM methodology. The recommendation has been made because of the advantages that this methodology will provide to Comfort Quilts Limited. There will be advantages in terms of the better change management, higher customer and employee satisfaction, flexibility of the system, improved quality, better stakeholder satisfaction along with the higher productivity and business continuity in Comfort Quilts Limited. References Azanha, A., Argoud, A., Camargo Junior, J. and Antoniolli, P. (2017). Agile project management with Scrum. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 10(1), pp.121-142. Cervone, H. (2011). Understanding agile project management methods using Scrum. OCLC Systems Services: International digital library perspectives, 27(1), pp.18-22. Kaur, R. and Bansal, K. (2017). Students Performance Analysis Using Scrum Practices. International Journal of Engineering Research and, V6(04). Machado, T., Pinheiro, P. and Tamanini, I. (2014). Project management aided by verbal decision analysis approaches: a case study for the selection of the best SCRUM practices. International Transactions in Operational Research, 22(2), pp.287-312. Mahnic, V. and Zabkar, N. (2012). Measuring Progress of Scrum-based Software Projects. Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 18(8). Moe, N., Dingsoyr, T. and Dyba, T. (2010). A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: A case study of a Scrum project. Information and Software Technology, 52(5), pp.480-491. Pathak, S., Pateriya, P. and Pal, P. (2012). A Case Study on Software Development Projects in Academic Knowledge Centers using SCRUM. International Journal of Computer Applications, 43(10), pp.20-24. Pope-Ruark, R. (2012). We Scrum Every Day: Using Scrum Project Management Framework for Group Projects. College Teaching, 60(4), pp.164-169.

The City Of Today Glorious, Glorious England. As The Empire Spreads So

The City of Today Glorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say "so does its glory"; others mumble of the price which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majesty's Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed? Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, "The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester." (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those poor wretches living in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a system ca lled "cottier farming". Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the "demoralisation and barbarism" of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness. Sir James does well in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his ("The City" continued) Vol.2 Page 2 _____________________________________________________ _______________ workers. Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London". Making a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this city! Mr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to elevate the working-classes' misery. What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre? Nothing! Yes, that is correct. We are to do nothing. Sir Andrew Ure, an M.D., who teaches in the university at Glasgow is a proponent of this controversial mind set. Traveling to these various "terrible" places, Sir Andrew came to a completely different conclusion. First, the workers suffering is being greatly exaggerated. Upon visiting these "horror zones" (factories), both on announced and unannounced visits, no such extremes were found. Instead of the finding the bleak picture Sir James and Mr. Mearns painted, Ure found something quite the opposite. Children play outside in playgrounds during their breaks, and factories provide a safe haven for the children from the ill-use of their bad parents. Second, the terrible food situation is an exaggeration as well. The amount of food given to the factory workers is sufficient. It is comparable, if not surpassing to that food consumed in the rural communities from where the working class came from. What is to be the conclusion of this bitter argument? one thing is certain, the Kay/Ure debate will continue with us as long as we have factories with a working class. This much can be assured. 19th Century Evangelical Christianity In England Therefore go and make d isciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Matthew 28:19 Religion was an important facet of the British Victorian society. It molded public opinion, dictated morals and values, and created social divisions. The dominant religion of the middle-class during this time was Evangelical Christianity. This essay will discuss the relationship between Evangelicalism and the middle-class. It will also argue how The City Of Today Glorious, Glorious England. As The Empire Spreads So The City of Today Glorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say "so does its glory"; others mumble of the price which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majesty's Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed? Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, "The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester." (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those poor wretches living in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a system ca lled "cottier farming". Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the "demoralisation and barbarism" of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness. Sir James does well in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his ("The City" continued) Vol.2 Page 2 _____________________________________________________ _______________ workers. Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London". Making a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this city! Mr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to elevate the working-classes' misery. What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre? Nothing! Yes, that is correct. We are to do nothing. Sir Andrew Ure, an M.D., who teaches in the university at Glasgow is a proponent of this controversial mind set. Traveling to these various "terrible" places, Sir Andrew came to a completely different conclusion. First, the workers suffering is being greatly exaggerated. Upon visiting these "horror zones" (factories), both on announced and unannounced visits, no such extremes were found. Instead of the finding the bleak picture Sir James and Mr. Mearns painted, Ure found something quite the opposite. Children play outside in playgrounds during their breaks, and factories provide a safe haven for the children from the ill-use of their bad parents. Second, the terrible food situation is an exaggeration as well. The amount of food given to the factory workers is sufficient. It is comparable, if not surpassing to that food consumed in the rural communities from where the working class came from. What is to be the conclusion of this bitter argument? one thing is certain, the Kay/Ure debate will continue with us as long as we have factories with a working class. This much can be assured. 19th Century Evangelical Christianity In England Therefore go and make d isciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Matthew 28:19 Religion was an important facet of the British Victorian society. It molded public opinion, dictated morals and values, and created social divisions. The dominant religion of the middle-class during this time was Evangelical Christianity. This essay will discuss the relationship between Evangelicalism and the middle-class. It will also argue how The City Of Today Glorious, Glorious England. As The Empire Spreads So The City of Today Glorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say "so does its glory"; others mumble of the price which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majesty's Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed? Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, "The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester." (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those poor wretches living in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a system ca lled "cottier farming". Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the "demoralisation and barbarism" of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness. Sir James does well in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his ("The City" continued) Vol.2 Page 2 _____________________________________________________ _______________ workers. Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London". Making a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this city! Mr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to elevate the working-classes' misery. What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre? Nothing! Yes, that is correct. We are to do nothing. Sir Andrew Ure, an M.D., who teaches in the university at Glasgow is a proponent of this controversial mind set. Traveling to these various "terrible" places, Sir Andrew came to a completely different conclusion. First, the workers suffering is being greatly exaggerated. Upon visiting these "horror zones" (factories), both on announced and unannounced visits, no such extremes were found. Instead of the finding the bleak picture Sir James and Mr. Mearns painted, Ure found something quite the opposite. Children play outside in playgrounds during their breaks, and factories provide a safe haven for the children from the ill-use of their bad parents. Second, the terrible food situation is an exaggeration as well. The amount of food given to the factory workers is sufficient. It is comparable, if not surpassing to that food consumed in the rural communities from where the working class came from. What is to be the conclusion of this bitter argument? one thing is certain, the Kay/Ure debate will continue with us as long as we have factories with a working class. This much can be assured. 19th Century Evangelical Christianity In England Therefore go and make d isciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Matthew 28:19 Religion was an important facet of the British Victorian society. It molded public opinion, dictated morals and values, and created social divisions. The dominant religion of the middle-class during this time was Evangelical Christianity. This essay will discuss the relationship between Evangelicalism and the middle-class. It will also argue how

compulsary military service essays

compulsary military service essays Compulsory military service joung boys breed for joung man. Everyone have clear, when boy have 18, he have to go to military service, if he doesn`t studying in the university or school. Many of them are trying to dodge from compulsary military service, because in the public have a lot of stereotypes about military service. Forexample, army are laming people, when you are at the military service, you have lost one year from your life and so on. But it isn`t true. Compulsory military service are exciplating physical grounding. Trainings every day and other audits. All of them are perfecting physical health. I can give an example. I know one guy, who enlisted in compulsary military service. When he return home, he wanted to go back, because he was contented about this few months and wasn`t frustrated about military service. Why? He said that wants back trainigs in the mornings, because in the real life, he can`t afford to pay for training hall. Military service gives possibility to improve physical fitness. Segregated military service`s departmental can go abroad, if they are specilized team. There is also possibilitys to travel around the world, get new friends and learn more languages. There are some minuses too. Can to be on some adversity.- death, or be injured for someone. But it doesn`t happens every day. As we know, in Latvia have many problems with budget, we can`t afford to subsist professional military service in the Latvia. Consecration gives a little bit seasoned for life. It is not allowed to make a ritual for joung boys, elder are continue to do forbidden things. There was a one accident (I can`t remember, but I think, that in Aluksne), when one elder soldier killed jounger soldier. but there is one plus. Young soldiers are preparing to the every year ritual at the militaru service. They are training their brawns. Regain to the message, I would like to afforce, that nothing else excepting compulsary military...

The Influence of the Black Ships essayEssay Writing Service

The Influence of the Black Ships essayEssay Writing Service The Influence of the Black Ships essay The Influence of the Black Ships essayThe fleet of warships, later called â€Å"black† by the astonished Japanese due to the color of coal smoke used by the US steam navy, first entered Uraga Harbor near Edo (early Tokyo) on July 8, 1853. Led by Commodore Perry, â€Å"the Black Ships† were to become a significant factor in the negotiations and the subsequent signing of the agreement on trade between Japan and the United States, thus effectively ending Japan’s more than two hundred years long self-isolation policy. In this paper, we claim that these events have drastically changed the subsequent history of the country, forcing it to introduce transformations in the political, economic, and military sphere it never thought it would tolerate. However, the opening of Japan to the world has hugely influenced both local and global balance.To prove the argument, it is necessary to start with the general political and economic environment which took place in those days. After some excursions into history, we will directly move on to a rather ambiguous event the arrival of the black ships followed by the signing of Kaganawa Treaty. Finally, trying to stick to a neutral point of view, we will focus on the effects these event had on Japan, its partners and victims,The Black Ships: BackgroundAt the beginning of the 18th century, the Japanese economy entered a systemic crisis caused by the collapse of the natural economy. As Sansom (223) states in his research, despite the reforms in the first half of the 19th century, Japan was struck by a severe famine which occurred because of the persistent crop failures. The political course directed at the return to the traditional methods of economy management only exacerbated the situation, as proved unpopular among the Japanese and hurt the prestige of the shogunate. The country’s economy was weak and unprepared for a crisis, and being exhausted by the recent wars gradually fell into the abyss of new tr oubles. The internal situation was complicated by the policy of self-isolation sakoku adopted by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1641, in order to protect the country from the influence of Christianity and possible colonization, as well as in an attempt to prevent the growth of layers of rich seaport citizens and thus preserve the foundations of the feudal system (Samson 237). For two centuries, Japan was maintaining trade only with China and Holland. However, the combination of external factors in mid-19th century resulted in the growth of interest from European countries, and especially the United States, in the opening of trade with Japan (basing on Tyler 365-69; Williams 115-123; and Treat 49-55):1) The opening of Qing China for trade with Europe and the United States in 1842, coupled with the accedence of California to the United States in 1850, has created a steady flow of maritime traffic between North America and Asia. Additionally, the whaling industry is the United States, succe ssfully deploying its operations in the North Pacific with the middle of the 18th century, needed a safe haven, assistance in cases of shipwrecks and reliable refueling stations;2) The transition from sailing ships to steamships based on the combustion of coal led to an increase in the needs of American merchants in the intermediate bases where merchant ships could load coal and provisions during the long way from the US to China. The combination of favorable geographical position almost in the same latitude as San Francisco and rumors on significant reserves of coal in Japan made the opening of Japanese ports to trade a priority task US of the US government;3) A constant flow of American sailors stuck on the shores of Japan due to shipwrecks and subjected to ill-treatment by the Japanese, urged the US government to achieve the ratification of nonaggression pacts.4) Finally, the increasing competition among colonial powers, and especially the success of France and Great Britain in Q ing China forced the US to search for new trade markets.All this led to the decision of the US government to send the US Navy expedition to Japan in 1853, under the lead of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who had the ambition to establish direct diplomatic relations with Japan.The Arrival of the Black Ship and the Convention of KanagawaOn July 8, 1853, Matthew Calbraith Perry ported his Mississippi, Plymouth, Saratoga, and Susquehanna ships in the Bay of Uraga, near the city of Edo, which was the administrative center of the Tokugawa shogunate. The squadron was armed with about a hundred of the latest Paixhans guns firing explosive bombs and 2,000 sailors (Perry et al. 232). The immediate negotiations were impossible due to the 12th shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi illness, and thus the Americans promised to come back in a year. However, when the shogun died by the end of July, Perry decided to take advantage of the chaos in Japan and exercise real pressure and demonstration of US militar y power. Thus, on February 11, 1854, Perry’s squadron lined up in battle formation and turned their guns towards the town of Uraga, demonstrating a willingness to take the capital city of Edo in the event of failure of Japan to sign the agreement (Perry et al. 336). Unable to resist, Japan had to sign the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854 despite the unequal terms it offered.In particular, under this treaty, the Japanese side was obliged to provide fuel and food to the US ships if necessary; to save the US ships and their crews in the event of an accident; to open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to trade with the United States, where Americans would have the right to build their consulates; to provide the US with the most favored trade regime (Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy 165). Soon after that, a wider 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed, which allowed the creation of foreign concessions, extra-territoriality for foreigners and the reduction o f import duties (Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America 191). Similar treaties were soon concluded with the Netherlands, Russia, Britain and France (Williams 198).Thus, despite the general hostility towards foreigners and strong nationalism, the supreme rulers of Japan were aware of their impossibility of resistance to Western aggression. Commodore Perry’s Black Ships, or kurofune, has gained a notorious fame in the Japanese history as the nominal image symbolizing a â€Å"threat imposed by Western technology† (Corenza 121) and associated with the â€Å"opening† of Japan to foreigners and the start of the US-Japanese relations, bringing both mutual benefit and numerous conflicts and wars.The Consequences of the Kanagawa TreatyWith the arrival of the Black Ships, the period of Bakumatsu started signifying the end of the shogunate (Sansom 316). The conclusion of unequal treaties with foreign powers; shogun’s death; economic cr isis and epidemic of diseases as a result of country’s opening to international trade all together led Japan to the deep political crisis and bloody civil war (1868-1869), in which the supporters of modernization, rallying behind the return of the Emperor defeated supporters of the shogunate.Indeed, shogunate’s huge concessions to foreigners split the country into two camps: some thought the opening of borders would encourage the development of Japan, the others believed it would destroy the national way of life and unique culture. Moreover, as Kennedy (118) states, nationalistic and xenophobic clashes were intensified by the military support from of Britain and France, helping the conquering clans to modernize their army, supplying with modern European weapons, and selling warships which would later become the basis of the Japanese navy. Generally, the leading role in trade with Japan and most significant economic benefits were captured by the British with their vast experience in the development of colonies. According to Dower (179), already in 1859, the first year of Japan’s official trade with foreign powers, there were two American companies in Yokohama, four British, one Portuguese and one Swiss. In 1867, the number of British companies has grown to 48, while the United States were represented by only seven (Williams 219; Dower 181). From 1859 to 1866, Japanese imports increased from 150 thousand up to 11.4 million dollars, and exports grew from 400 thousand to 14.1 million dollars, with about 80% of all trade operations were with the United Kingdom (Dower 183-86; Tyler 394-95; Williams 223-25).At the same time, for several reasons, it can’t be said that trade developed too rapidly. Above all, the Japanese had no experience in running large-scale trade. They had a vague idea of the customs policy, tariffs and taxes which, as Dower (213) notes, was shamelessly used by foreigners. For instance, in Japan, the ratio between gold and silver was 1 to 5, while outside Japan it made 1 to 15, which led to the purchase and vast export of Japanese coins, and this had a critically negative effect on the financial position of Japan (Williams 231). Thus, unemployment was growing fast, together with the cost of rice and other food prices which by 1867 increased by more than 10 times compared with the period before the Black Ships arrival (Sansom 251; Kennedy 129; Corenza 141). Together with political repressions against the supporters of revolution, these factors radically reduced shogunate’s prestige. After the final defeat of the government troops, the shogun abdicated from office and passed the state power back to the Emperor, which enable the start of the Meiji Restoration, a period of destroying the feudal structure and transition to the capitalist path of development.In this period, the relations between Japan and the â€Å"civilized† world were characterized through two main features. First, we sh ould agree with Kamikawa (50) that it was a clash of two completely different civilizations at their levels of social and technological development. Second, these relations are built on a background of a serious political crisis in Japan, which resulted in the total change of the political system and the beginning of transition from feudalism to capitalism. However, less than two decades passed since the moment when Perry showed the Japanese on the Kanagawa beach the achievements of the Western technical thought and in 1869 telegraph started working, and in October 1872, the first railway was opened between Tokyo and Yokohama (Jansen 58). Generally, after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the new Japanese government adopted the policy of modernization and, above all, removed all the restrictions of sakoku (Huffman; Kamikawa 67). Relations between the countries entered a new period and quickly began to move from the â€Å"student – teacher† stage to a more equitable, howev er, more complex ones.New Japan strongly started catching up the West in social, economic and military spheres; radical reforms were taking place across the country (basing on studies by Corenza; Huffman; Jansen; Kennedy; and Treat). New government wanted to make Japan a democratic country with universal equality. Thus, the boundaries between social classes introduced by the Tokugawa shogunate were erased. In order to stabilize the new government all the old daimyo feudals had to return all their lands to the emperor. The reforms also included the support of human rights, such as adoption of the freedom of religion in 1873 and the introduction of compulsory education. For faster conversion of Japan from agricultural into an industrial country, many Japanese students were sent to the West to study science and languages. Japan also invited foreign teachers. A lot of money was invested in the development of transport and communication means. The government supported the development of business and industry, especially the large companies zaibatsu which soon formed the basis of country’s economic power. Copying western experience, Japan also received its first Constitution in 1889, established a parliament and formed political parties.The growth in military terms in the era of European nationalism was also a high priority for Japan. Universal military obligation was introduced; the new army was formed by the example of the Prussian one, and the fleet was built following the pattern of the British fleet. Since the end of the 19th century, Japan has sought to become a leading power in the Far East. With this goal, Japan initiated aggressive wars against China in 1894, and the Russian Empire in 1904. As a result of these wars, Japan acquired its first colonies Korea, Manchuria, the Kuril Islands together with the southern Sakhalin. These military successes led to an unprecedented increase of nationalism in Japan, other Asian countries followed this trend of g rowing national pride. Tokyo considered these conquests as a test of strength before the large-scale colonial policy, aimed at establishing the so-called Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere in the Asia-Pacific region (Kennedy 156). This Japanese colonization system was supposed to include a vast territory from Australia to Vladivostok and from the countries of Indochina to Hawaii.Like Kamikawa (79) rightfully marks, forcibly opening Japan, Washington wanted to make this land of rising sun its ally in the neo-colonization policy in the Asia-Pacific region, however, after the First World War Japanese ambitions began to get beyond the control of the United States. The administration of Woodrow Wilson, and later Herbert Hoover did not pay much attention to the growing power of the ally (Kennedy 145). Loyal to the traditions of isolationist policy, the US government did not prevent Japan’s aggression against northern China, considering that its further development would lead to a clash with the Soviet Union and distract Japanese militarism from the Pacific (Treat 309). In turn, Britain and France carried out a similar policy toward Japan hoping to continue the unpunished robberies of China under the guise of opposition to aggression (William 199). In fact, the ruling circles of the USA, the UK and France saw Japan as the vanguard in the struggle against the national liberation movement in the Far East.However, when at the beginning of the 1932 Japanese troops occupied the South Manchuria, Japan’s actions in China were condemned by the League of Nations, which led to Japan’s withdrawal from the organization. This meant, actually, that the Japanese aggression in the Far East broke the balance of forces, posed a threat to peace and opened up the option of a new war. Moreover, foreign policy plans included in the Konoe Doctrine required Japan to have allies, and Japan found them in the face of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, moving on to deliber ate conquer the world, which resulted in a disaster for the conquerors themselves and the new world order. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, millions of victims of this monstrous act, the occupation of Japan by the US military, the collapse of the economy these were the consequences of the policy of â€Å"gathering all eight corners of the world under one roof† (Kamikawa 111), catalyzed by the Convention of Kanagawa.ConclusionSumming up the critical period in the history of Japan when from 1853 to 1868 under the pressure of the US, and then the other Western powers it made the decision to step on the path of modernization, which at the time was equivalent to Westernization, it is interesting to consider several issues. Could Japan make a step towards the West without American pressure? Obviously, this would have happened anyway, but the Americans undoubtedly hastened these changes. Modern Japanese political lexicon includes a long established term of gayatsu, w hich can be translated as â€Å"external pressure† or â€Å"foreign pressure† (Corenza 184). Its roots lead to the period of the â€Å"Opening† of the country, when the beginning of modernization, the need for which was felt by many but was not yet perceived at the mass level, was initially framed as a concession to American pressure. And even today the Japanese system of decision-making often uses requirements coming mostly from the United States as a justification for certain political or economic steps. Notably, it is not explained that these steps completely comply with the vital interests of the country understood by the leadership of the state but not yet supported by a large part of public opinion. Such a decision is virtually attributed to impossibility to resist foreign pressure, which in the eyes of the public removes much of the responsibility from the state.â€Å"Opening† of Japan was largely held by the pattern. By the early 1850’s, th e shogunate felt the need for change but at the same time was under pressure from conservative stereotypes and fears of the unknown. The advent of the Americans became a catalyst for changes that already matured in the Japanese society. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, authority in Japan fell in the hands of people who had experience of communication with the Americans and Europeans, and a good understanding of the need to modernize the country. Perhaps at first they considered modernization as a prerequisite for â€Å"expulsion of barbarians,† but this goal quickly changed to the slogan â€Å"rich country, strong army,† and later to the desire to be in line with the major imperialist powers.Becoming the first Asian state to step on the path of construction of industrial civilization along with Germany, the US, Britain, the Soviet Union, and Italy in 1930-1940’s, Japan actively involved in the struggle for a new division of the world. However, in an attempt to become a state, whose opinion is counted instead of using military diplomacy, Japan was defeated. And though the old wounds still cause pain resulting in difficult political and economic relation with the victims of Japanese aggression, like China, Korea and Russia, contemporary Japan lives under the pacifist Constitution of 1947, focuses on liberal democracy, and has achieved record economic growth, having increased its influence on the world stage now through drastically other methods, in particular, technological and scientific advance, large manufacturing facilities and high market capitalization.

Construction Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Industry - Research Paper Example It provides employment to most of the people as its growth is often projected to increase by more than a million between the year 2002 and 2012 (Fenn 22). This improves the economy of the country as most of the people are trained in the construction industry reducing the unemployment rate in the economy of the United States. The Construction Industry is the core of all the construction locally and also internationally. Most of the structures being designed are always done by the construction company. Its effect is felt as most of the facilities are able to be constructed leading to an economy grow. An economy of a country is determined by the standing Infrastructure which is modernized. It also shows the people’s creativity and intellectual ability as it requires not the only the mind but also the skills in making it work.It is used as a tool by the government in managing the level of the economy. When there is a recession and the rate of unemployment is seen to be high the go vernment increases the public expenditure by the use of the construction industry (Fenn 29). This completely shows its contribution to the American economy as most of the people are believed to be in this sector. The construction industry related with other economic sectors using the backward-forward linkage the forward showing its relationship of total output to inter-industry sales while the backward linkages. This is used in showing the relationship between total output and the industry purchase.... It is used as a tool by the government in managing the level of the economy. When there is recession and the rate of unemployment is seen to be high the government increases the public expenditure by the use of the construction industry (Fenn 29). This completely shows its contribution in the American economy as most of the people are believed to be in this sector. The construction industry related with other economic sectors using the backward forward linkage the forward showing its relationship of total output to inter-industry sales while the backward linkages. This is used in showing the relationship between total output and the industry purchase. Gross fixed capital is the expenditure on fixed assets including buildings and machinery among others in either replacing or adding stock of the fixed assets. This is related to investment as fixed assets are used in the production process. It is important public policy tool as it is used in creating employment and also increases the de velopment in the U.S. This is through the central bank through which people invest in infrastructure leading to money injection in the economy. This industry contributes to a third of total investment in fixed assets in the economy. It has also led to the construction of new and better buildings like the hospital facilities, educational centre like schools. There has also been the construction of better recreational centers which are able to increase the number of people that can be accommodated in the building and also a concrete structure which can last for a longer period of time. Domestic Data in the Construction Industry Number Employed The number of personnel employed in this industry is rapid as it has a high employment

Advertising Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising Agency - Essay Example To create a successful advertising campaign to stimulate consumer interest, target groups, objectives, campaign communication and expectations, along with communication strategy must be considered for both companies.The target group for the first, smaller company is sportsmen who use food supplements as part of their regimen. The objective of the campaign is to increase sales to such sportsmen through the specialized selling shop, sales representatives, and over the internet. The advertisement should communicate to sportsmen that the food supplements sold by the small company are necessary for increased sports performance. The expectation of this advertising campaign is that sales will increase through the positive message about food supplements from this particular company. The company is small, therefore, the communication strategy is limited only by the company's advertising budget. Internet "ad banners' and small magazine advertisements in sportsmen magazines is a strategic and c ost effective way to successfully market this small company's food supplements.The target group for the second company, a large, multinational organisation is a wide variety of consumers, as this company's main staple is detergent. The objective of the campaign is to increase sales by keeping the company's detergent on the minds of consumers. The advertisement should communicate to all consumers that the detergent sold is superior to other detergents on the market. The expectation of this advertising campaign is that sales and demand will increase for the company's detergent. The company is large, and therefore, has a large advertising budget, so a mass media campaign will be continued, over the internet, broadcast media, and print media. Certain techniques are used by advertising agencies and/or advertisement producers to promote creative ideas, which include "formulating advertisement objectives; designing an advertising budget; making creative decisions; choosing a media strategy and evaluating the advertisement" (Shank, 2001, p. 325). Advertisement objectives are usually categorized as either direct or indirect. Direct ad objectives, such as advertising to end user consumers and sales promotion advertising, are designed to stimulate action among consumers of a certain type of product. On the other hand, indirect objectives create consumer awareness and provide information to consumers. After each objective has been determined, budgets are considered for the ad campaign. "Budget techniques such as competitive parity, objective and task, arbitrary allocation, and percentage of sales are commonly used by advertisers" (Shank, p. 325). The next step is to make the creative decisions that will identify the ideas and the concepts that will be used in the advertisement. In order to develop the concept for the ad, benefits of the product must be identified, ad appeals are designed, and ad execution decisions are made. Next, a media strategy is formed, including decisions about what medium for advertisement will be most effective and target the market consumer. Finally, the ad is evaluated to determine whether it will fulfill its purpose of increased awareness and sales. Task B Another method of understanding target groups, the core message of the advertisement, communication, and art elements of the advertisement is to observe two (2) examples of advertising campaigns. The first ad is for Calgon, a water softener that is touted to protect washing machines from sediment build up. The second is for Aquila, a mineral water that releases harmful chemicals from the body with every sip.

A Book Summary of the Goal Essay Example for Free

A Book Summary of the Goal Essay The story started off by relaying the current situation of Mr. Alex Rogo and the dire state of his metal working plant, UniCo. Being the plant manager and head honcho, Mr. Rogo was the represented all the problems the plant was experiencing. The business was down and not profiting at all due to efficiency and process related problems. The business was not producing the necessary inventory levels to sustain the business. It already had too many issues, which had to be fixed soon especially since Mr. Peach, who is Mr. Alex Rogo’s boss, blew his top over another urgent yet delayed order. Mr. Peach gave Mr. Rogo the ultimatum that if the plant operations would not shape up and improve within the next three months, he will shut the plant down. If the first chapter talked about the Mr. Rogo’s state of affairs at work, the second chapter talked about his personal life. Mr. Rogo was dissatisfied about his life. He was not at all too happy about the fact if he was thirty-eight years old and still where he was when he started. His family was also not happy, most especially his wife. He moved his family from the city six months ago to live in his hometown because he was determined to fix the problems UniCo was facing. His wife was very unhappy with this move because it was hard for them to adjust especially since they were used to the city life. In this chapter, issues about the delayed order in chapter one continued to resurface. It is with this reason Mr. Rogo called for a general meeting in the third chapter. Immediate changes needed to be done in order to avoid the issues they’ve been experiencing for a long time. This had to be communicated to his staff in order for them to help him with the situation. Mr. Rogo relayed the grim circumstance UniCo was facing and pointed out all the items that were not working for the company. To move forward, he gave directions on how to manage the scenario by stating the objectives that needed to be addressed within the next three months. It was in this chapter Mr. Rogo finds out that it may not only be UniCo that will perish but the holding company where Mr. Peach is a part of. As the meeting goes on in the fourth chapter, Mr. Rogo goes back in time and reminisces about a discussion he had with his old professor, Jonah, who also was a physicist. During that meeting, Jonah openly talked about the problems Mr. Rogo’s company was facing. Johan had made mention of all the possible issues that could happen with UniCo, which includes spiraling high inventory levels and delivery issues, where the company will be unable to meet deadlines for shipment. Johan hypothesized that in order for Mr. Rogo to fix his situation, he must define what his goal should be. Everything should always start with the definition of a goal. In order to figure out what the goal is, Mr. Rogo must apply the Theory of Constraints in order to successfully implement effective management. The Theory of Constraints includes knowing all the constraints that is hindering the company from experiencing efficient productivity. Once the constraints are identified, Mr. Rogo will be able to take measurable next to address these issues. The staff meeting continued to the fifth chapter, where Mr. Rogo leaves the meeting to be alone. He needed to sort out his thoughts and figure out what his ultimate goal should be. He wanted to figure out the goal he should have in order for him to be able to fix the predicament his company is facing. Deep in thought, while having pizza and beer, he begins to realize that it would be money, income, profitability that would inch him towards turning around his company and making it a successful business. Having a clear direction on where to go, Mr. Rogo sits with the group in the sixth chapter. It was in this chapter, they checked on the financial statements of the company. After evaluating the financial statements, the group was able to pinpoint that the return of investment is very low while the operating and investment expenses greatly needed improvement. In order for this improvement to take place, the company must increase profit to ensure increased return of investment and sufficient cash flow. To achieve this, Mr. Rogo ponders in the seventh chapter on how he will be able to make changes. Based on the initial evaluation his Finance group advised him, he will need to find a way to make sure he would be able to increases the monies that would flow within the company without increasing costs. He then decides to look for Jonah to learn more about how he can save the company especially since Jonah seemed to know so much about UniCo. In the eighth chapter, Mr. Rogo was able to talk to Jonah. It was in this chapter wherein Jonah educated him about three important concepts he must understand before he tries to implement new changes within the company. These three concepts include throughput, operational expenses and inventory levels. Jonah defined throughput as the rate of which a process is able to produce sales revenue from sales volume. He defined inventory to be the monetary asset within the system that needs to be sold in order for cash to pour in. Jonah also defined operational expense as the money spent to turn raw materials and all other resources into throughput. In the ninth chapter, Mr. Rogo discovered that robots and machines that were being used within the company are not efficient assets. Instead of the machines being able to solve cost reduction programs and bring down costs, it was doing quite the opposite bring bringing costs up. With this in mind, he gives his first direction by using these machines in other areas of the plant. In the tenth chapter, Mr. Rogo discussed the concepts he has learned from Jonah with Bob, Lou and Stacey, who represents Accounting, Inventory Control and Production Division. They discussed line-by-line how these concepts worked within the company and how it affected their profitability. The problem about the cost inefficiency of machine arose again, which made it even more urgent for them to discover how they can lower their costs without affecting other efficiencies within the plant. Since he was running out of ideas, Mr. Rogo decided to go to New York to have another talk with Jonah. Mr. Rogo arrived in New York in the eleventh chapter. It was in this chapter where he started telling Jonah about his dire situation at the plant. Jonah advised Mr. Rogo that he should not maintain a balanced plant. A balanced plant means that capacity is only enough for the demand of the market. If this is the case, then the company would be much closer to being bankrupt. Before they had ended the conversation, Jonah advised Mr. Rogo to look into the relationship of dependent events with statistical fluctuations and how these two things would affect his company. As soon as Mr. Rogo got back to his hometown in Chapter Twelve, he continued to face problems at home. His wife questioned his devotion to their family versus his devotion to the company. Because of the extra workload on this plate, his relationship with his life partner had suffered. It was a very grueling situation he was in. He had problems not only at work but at home as well. In the thirteenth chapter, Mr. Rogo goes on a camping trip and thought of what Jonah mentioned to him in their last meeting. It was during this trip that he understood the relationship of dependent events with statistical fluctuations. He was able to get this realization while he was hiking. The realization became clearer to Mr. Rogo in the next chapter. He now understood what Jonah was trying to point out. If importance would not be given to throughput, operational expenses and inventory levels, and if a balance plant will be maintained, inventory levels will decrease and operational expenditures will increase. In the fifteenth chapter, Mr. Rogo decided to do an experiment to test his realization. He assisted the lowest kids of the pack by carrying the kid’s backpack. Since the kid could walk faster, it did not delay the group. In effect, the group became faster and efficiency had been achieved. It was a good weekend for Mr. Rogo because his mind was open as all the realizations poured to his head. However, when he and his children got home in the sixteenth chapter, they found out that his wife—the mother of his children, had packed all her bags and left them without leaving word where she would go. She left because she was already angry with Mr. Rogo. As man and wife, they had an agreement that they were going to spend time together during that weekend; however, it didn’t push through because he had to go with his children on the camping trip. In the next chapter, Mr. Rogo relayed his realizations to his staff. During the cascade, it seemed as if his staff was not taking him seriously. They acted uninterested and bored until a new problem surfaced. There was another overdue order, which had not been delivered, which had to be met right away. In Chapter Eighteen, Mr. Rogo again talked to Jonah, who in turn briefed him about the difference of bottlenecks with non-bottlenecks. A bottleneck according to Jonah is when capacity meets demand or when capacity is less than the demand, while a non-bottleneck is the opposite, wherein capacity is more than demand. Jonah subtly suggested to Mr. Rogo that he should first fix the bottlenecks. In next chapter, as Jonah visited the plant, he pointed out to Mr. Rogo that he should improve capacity in the bottlenecks by using the machines more effectively. If machines would be used more efficiently, Mr. Rogo will be able to maintain correct inventory levels and will be able to decrease operational expenses. Jonah and Mr. Rogo went around the plant evaluating these machines, stopping at one area at a time, to evaluate the cost and efficiency of each machine. In Chapter Twenty, Mr. Rogo started working on what he and Jonah discussed. He had to make the bottlenecks efficient to the whole production process of the plant. He did this by first giving directions that the bottlenecks should only be used for overdue orders. In terms of ranking, production in bottlenecks should prioritize the most overdue orders to the most little overdue orders. It was also in this chapter wherein Mr. Rogo was able to talk to his wife about the problems they were going through. She had been residing in her parent’s home since she left Mr. Rogo’s house. In spite of being able to talk to her, she did not go back home with him. In Chapter Twenty, Mr. Rogo went back to work and focused his efforts on knowing how he can continually improve the process within the company. Since a system has been placed with regards to priority orders for bottlenecks, Mr. Rogo directed that to guide the workers about this change, there should be some sort of communication relaying the different areas of the bottlenecks. Mr. Rogo proposed and implemented the use of red and green tags to distinguish the bottleneck areas. The next chapter showed the success of this initiative. Mr. Rogo had received twelve orders and these were successfully delivered on time. Mr. Rogo, happy with how everything was turning well, pushed his production manager to continue what they started by evaluating more old machines and bottlenecks. Even if Mr. Rogo had tasted success, he still found that this was not enough. He still wanted to do more to change and improve the company. He wanted to make sure that the company would have constant returns in the long run. Another problem arose in the Twenty-Third Chapter, wherein delays in two bottlenecks were experienced. These bottlenecks transpired because the workers would not stay in place during the whole time. In order to maximize the workers, they were given directions to stay busy and move from one area to another. In order to solve this problem, Mr. Rogo directed that there would be a dedicated worker—foreman, who will watch over each bottleneck area. This was a good move in Rogo’s end because one of his foremen was able to bring a good idea to the table, which helped increase efficiency by another ten percent. The foreman also suggested that they should mix and match orders based on priority. With the changes implemented and the new system in place, Mr. Rogo found out in Chapter Twenty-Four that there were more bottlenecks that what they had expected, which continued to pose as problems. At the last same, there was decreasing inventory, which should not be happening. This puzzled Jonah, who agreed to go back to the plant to evaluate this phenomenon. In Chapter Twenty-Five, Jonah pointed out to Mr. Rogo that there were no bottlenecks in actuality. It only seemed that way because there was no balance between the bottlenecks and non-bottlenecks. Because of this evaluation, direction to modify the tags had been given by Mr. Rogo. In Chapter Twenty-Six, another suggestion was given to improve efficiency. According to one of his staff, they could do this by creating a schedule with the bottlenecks. Even Jonah agreed that this would enable the bottlenecks to keep busy and run efficiently without causing setbacks on costs and time. Another meeting with Mr. Peaches transpired in the twenty-seventh chapter. This was the day Mr. Rogo had been waiting for. Mr. Rogo reported the improvements and negotiated for the company to continue running. The meeting was concluded with the agreement Mr. Peaches would not close down the plant if Mr. Rogo will be able to improve margins by another fifteen percent. In Chapter Twenty-Eight, Mr. Rogo anxiously spoke to Jonah once again. Jonah informs him in this chapter that he will be unavailable in the next few weeks. Mr. Rogo asks Jonah how he should reach the objective Mr. Peaches had challenged him to achieve. Jonah, his old professor, suggested that he lessen the batch production size by fifty percent. This would be beneficial to the company because this implementation would ensure lesser lead times and would reduce the costs by fifty percent as well. In Chapter Twenty-Nine, Mr. Rogo became successful by doing what Jonah advised. He was able to deliver one thousand products by cutting the batch sizes and shipping 25% each week. The customer was so happy that he made a personal appearance at the plant. The customer even went to the extent of shaking hands with everybody visible in the plan, and to top it all, he handed UniCo a contract for ten thousand orders. In effect, this was ninety percent more orders than the initial one. Because of this achievement, Mr. Rogo got promoted to hold Mr. Peaches position in Chapter Thirty-One. However, with bigger responsibilities, there are bigger problems especially since he will be managing not only one plant but three plants. Again, Mr. Rogo had to consult with Jonah once again. In Chapter Thirty-Two, Mr. Rogo finally got to converse with his wife over dinner. It was during dinner both husband and wife talked about the situation at work and how Mr. Rogo was faring. At the end of the conversation, the couple decided that the best way to go about the problem in Mr. Rogo’s office is to call Jonah once again to ask for help. Mr. Rogo should seek advice from Jonah on how he can influence other people to use the same process UniCo has been using to turn around the business. In the next chapter, Mr. Rogo brought together his staff to discuss what is needed in order to solve Division’s problems and issues. At the meeting, he was puzzled why his production manager didn’t want to take part of this new project. Mr. Rogo was happy though that his accountant, who was supposed to retire soon, would still be able to help him. He needed his staff to successfully achieve his new objectives. In Chapter Thirty-Four, Mr. Rogo continued to be anxious about the next steps he will take. It was in this chapter that he shows importance to the people that were under him since he started his mission in turning UniCo around. He started implementing a daily meeting with them to evaluate all the issues that needed to be fixed. He needed all of them since it was going to be a grueling undertaking to handle his new workload. He needed all the help he could get. In the second meeting in Chapter Thirty-Five, the topic revolved around the periodic table of elements, which inspired them since the scientists started on scratch and was able to produce the table of periodic elements in an orderly fashion. They realized that they must all understand how order can be placed within the Division. It was in Chapter Thirty-Six wherein they were able to identify how they can implement order. They would be able to do this by first identifying all the bottlenecks. Once they know the issues, they would be able to turn into opportunities. Aside from knowing the issues, they must know the issues under the main issues. Knowing all of this will enable them to evaluate the bottlenecks as efficiently as possible. The last step they identified was going back to repeat step one if something goes haywire with a bottleneck. This process was further revised or somehow reworded in Chapter Thirty-Seven. It was in this chapter that they found out the bottlenecks have been producing excess orders just to keep the machines busy. Because they were able to point this out, they were able to improve capacity by twenty percent. In Chapter Thirty-Eight, Mr. Rogo found out how he can further improve sales volume and profitability of his division. He came out with the idea to sell the Division’s products in Europe at a cheaper gross selling price. If they would be able to achieve this, they would earn additional income from a new market. In Chapter Thirty-Nine, Mr. Rogo is faced with another problem. The additional orders they have accepted were causing more trouble than good as it created more bottlenecks. He sat down with his staff once again and evaluated how they could fix it. They decided that they would increase the inventory levels and mandate sales not to commit to shipping orders in the next four weeks. This would cause a strain between Production and the Sales Group, however, they had to implement it to ensure balance within the company. In the last chapter, Mr. Rogo no longer needs Jonah to ask him questions, as he is now able to ask his own questions. As he poses the questions to himself, he realizes that he has finally answered Jonah’s main question. Wanting change, knowing what to change and the steps to achieve that change is key to successful management of a business. Reference: Goldratt, E. M. , Cox, J. (1994). The Goal A Process of Ongoing Improvement. New York: North River Press.

GPS Safety Bubble Technology Essay -- Safety Bubble Technology

Although Global Positioning technology has existed since the mid 1970’s, some of the most significant advancements have taken place within the last five years. In recent months, studies have been conducted by NASA and other institutions concerning the use of advanced GPS technology in both computer controlled flight of commercial aircraft and the establishment of â€Å"no-fly safety bubbles† around designated areas and buildings. In essence an aircraft’s computer system would override a manual command and not allow the craft to enter these designated areas. There are many possible benefits of this technology, but with any new advancement also comes ethical questions. While some believe this technology will increase air travel safety, others argue that misuse of this technology could lead to disaster and loss of life. The use of Global Positioning System navigation technology was established in the early 1970’s, long before the idea of a GPS â€Å"safely bubble† existed. Up to this time the required satellite technology to support global positioning systems had not been developed. In 1978 the first GPS satellite was launched (Rand McNally). It took nearly fifteen years to perfect GPS for public use, but since this has happened, land navigation has been revolutionized. GPS was initially developed by the Department of Defense for primarily military uses, but has since been made available to the general public. In 1996 the National Security Council published the following goals for the GPS system: †¢ To strengthen and maintain national security. †¢ To encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific applications worldwide. †¢ To encourage private sector investment in and use of U.S. GP... ...tation advances the common good, promotes a safe society for citizens, and helps to ensure the freedom of the American people. We have a duty to use modern technology such as advanced GPS systems to achieve these aforementioned goals. It is clear that despite the risks, this technology is needed and should be developed and installed on all aircraft. References: Haskens, Shelly. â€Å"Security Now Their Domain† The Huntsville Times. Oct. 21, 2001 Kostiuk, Peter F. â€Å"An Integrated Safety Analysis Methodology for Emerging Air Transport Technologies†. NASA. April, 1998. Parasuraman, Raja, Jacqueline Duley. Et al. â€Å"Human Factors in Free Flight: Developing Dynamic Automation Tools to Support Air Traffic Management†. Cognitive Science Lab, Catholic University of America. 1996 Rand McNally & Company. http://www.randmcnally.com/rmc/products/gps/gpsHome.jsp

Aspects and traits of different cultures and how they communicate Essay

Culture can be interpreted differently by different people but the general meaning of culture can be defined as people’s way of life which is passed from one generation to another and also shared among other different societies. The world has very many different societies and each of these societies have their own way of life, their beliefs and norms. The activities that people involve themselves in and the beliefs they hold is what normally forms their culture. These cultural beliefs are the ones that distinguish one society from other societies and therefore many societies hold their culture as a very important symbol of identification(Neil). This document discusses the general aspects and traits of different cultures. It also gives a detailed view of how this traits and aspects are communicated within the societies and also across to other societies The aspects of culture generally display the general way of life of most societies in the world. These aspects can be a useful base to compare how different societies in the world live. One of the most prominent aspects of culture is the government structure of the societies and the international relation ships of this society with the outside world. Government within any society refers to the way the people in any society will make their laws and how these laws are enforced to the society. It also brings out the issues of leadership and how it is passed on to others within the society. All the societies in the world have different types of governments and the way one government is run is certainly not the same as the other society. The way laws are made and enforced is also independent among the different societies. For example, the United States of America has its own way of making laws and enforcing them, which is different from the way the African countries or other European countries do it. The procedures that are followed in the US to elect a president are not the same as the procedures that will be followed in Australia, china, or any other country. The international relations between one country and other country are simply not the same. The way the government of UK relates with the government of Canada is not the same way it will relate to a country like Nigeria. The international relations ships are different between one society and other all over the world (Shapiro, p25) . Another important aspect of culture is the economies of the societies and the resources available to them. The resources that are available to one society may not be available to another society. This can be due to different geographical locations which may favor some societies with better resources than others. For example, some societies in the world have natural resources while others do not have any natural resources. The resources available define a society’s way of earning a living. For example some societies especially in the African continent have abundant natural resources and most of them may depend on agriculture for a living. Other countries such as Korea have to import the raw materials for their manufacturing industries. The resources available and the type of management will then define the type of economies the societies will have at the end of the day. The scarcity of resources within the different societies has for example brought about trade and this has formed a major characteristic of culture in the different societies(Benedict,p13). The societies have different spiritual believes and this forms the basis of religion in the different societies. People within the societies have their own believes about the supernatural powers and this has given the society a clear definition of what to worship. For example the different societies in the world have different religions. While some societies believe in Christianity, others believe in Islamic, Hindu, cults among other religions. These beliefs affect the society’s way of life very differently. The way the Islamic religion dictates life is not the same as the Christianity. Their practices and believes are different. The passing of these religions between the societies is also very different. While to some like Islam it is mandatory other societies find it a personal choice and therefore optional (Lull,p22) Literacy and technology is another aspect of culture. This aspect brings out the different ways in which different societies acquire education. For example how they attend school and the type of school curricula that is followed. The education system in most word societies are not the same. The kind of technology that is incorporated in the school programs is very different from one society to another. Some societies such as western societies have more advanced technology than societies in the African context. What is taught in the school curricula is also different from one society to another. This eventually affects the types of societies that are finally brought up in future. Some of the societies are more technologically advanced that other societies in the world(Shapiro, p27) . Community and family life forms another part of the cultural aspect. This gives an approach of how people live and how closely they are related to each other. This also defines the kind of housing that the individuals may live in. Different societies construct their houses differently according to their beliefs. While some societies believe in stone built houses, some societies may construct mud hoses thatched with grass. The shapes and finishing of the houses constructed by the different societies is also different owing to their beliefs. The way the societies are divided for example in terms of race, ethnicity, family among others is also very different. This clearly means that the defined relationships between the family members in the societies are different. For example the way the younger people relate to the elders within the society is different across the world societies. The occasions and how they are celebrated within the societies is also very unique. For example they way the Chinese embrace their culture is not the same as then Indian society(Benedict, p17). The cultural arts and crafts within the societies are diversified. The arts that you will find in America are not the same as the arts in Asia. All the societies in the world have their unique paintings, music, sculptures, and architecture. The way the societies make the pottery, carvings, baskets, mats and others is very different. The kind of music enjoyed by one culture is not the same as the other society. These cultural aspects are known to exist in every society. The only difference is that every society has a unique and independent way of approaching each aspect. Apart from the aspects of culture in the societies, another major characteristic of culture is its traits. All cultures across the different societies have common traits. One of the cultural traits in the society is that culture is learned. All of us are born and raised in different societies. One is not born with the culture of any specific society. Individuals learn the culture of the society they are born in. If a child is born in a different culture from his parents, the child is likely to learn the culture of the second society and not that of his /her parents. Another trait of culture is that it is transmitted from one generation to another. People do not form other cultures when they are born. Instead the older people normally pass the culture in their society to the younger generations within the same society(Neil). This reinforces and maintains culture within the societies. This is because, if a culture is not passed from one generation to the next, it is most likely that that culture will eventually die. The older people therefore normally hold the responsibility of teaching the younger people the beliefs , traditions, values and norms of the society. Culture is dependent on the world of symbols to communicate it from one generation to another. This means that the methods used to pass culture in one society are basically similar as methods used in another society. The symbols that are normally relied upon by the societies are the verbal and non-verbal symbols of communication. Other symbols that may be used to communicate culture include icons and images. Change is another important trait of culture. This means that there is no one culture that is not subject to change. The culture that used to be followed by our great grand parents is not the same culture that we follow today. As times change, people keep changing what they believe in and this eventually changes the culture of the society (Benedict, p18). Change of culture is normally subject to the various changes that occur in our daily lives. For example changes in the education systems, change in technological advancement of the society, discoveries and innovations that may occur as life progresses. All the societies have another important cultural trait of superiority over other cultures. This trait is referred to as ethnocentric. The societies believe that their norms, values and practices are superior and far much better than those of other societies. This trait is a major source of conflict between societies since none of the societies will accept to be put down by another society. This trait helps the individuals within any particular society to feel proud of themselves and portray the positive image of their society. The final cultural trait in the societies is the adaptive nature of culture. As the world advances the changes that come with it must readily be acceptable within the societies. For example most cultures in the past regarded women as a weaker sex and their role in the society was very minimal. As the technological advancement took ground, women have adapted different roles in the society and today they perform the roles that were previously referred as masculine roles. People keep adapting different styles of life as change is adapted within the cultural context of the societies (Neil). Culture is communicated using different methods within the society. Communication of culture is done through various methodologies of learning. Culture itself can be learnt consciously or unconscious. Unconscious methods include observation and practicing of what other people do within your culture. The younger people may for example start dressing, singing and behaving like other people do within their society by just observing and imitating them. The conscious methods include reading about the culture and being taught by the older generation about your culture (Benedict, p23) Culture is taught to the younger generation through proverbs, folktales, myths folklore, art, music, poetry and mass media. Many are the times when our grand parents would tell stories related to our culture. The younger generation is then expected to behave in a manner that suits the lessons they learn from the stories and legends they hear. Everything that we do in our lives, both in the verbal and non-verbal originates from what we learnt in our cultural back ground. Apart from the older generation, culture can also be learnt from other sources such as our families, teachers ,religious organizations and our peer groups. Within the family context, parents hold the sole responsibility of teaching their young ones how to behave in accordance to the society’s value and norms(Lull, p28). They introduce them to the religious education and also the formal education system. What a child starts learning from the beginning of child hood forms a big ground for the cultural beliefs. For example, a child introduced to Islamic faith when very young and has grown believing in it would be very difficult to change and start believing in other religions such as Hindu or Christianity. In the institutions that we grow in, peer groups are likely to result and this forms another source where culture is learnt within the society. One is eager to learn what the other knows that he/she does not know and in this way we find that culture quickly passes to other individuals (Lull, p33). Culture is not only passed within the societies but it is passed to other societies. This has become very common in today’s societies where we find that individuals do not strictly stick to the beliefs in their own society. This has resulted from the effects of globalization that takes place in the present world. Many societies today are very integrated in different aspects of life such as marriage, trade, education among others. With such integration we find that people start dressing like other societies, eating foods similar to other societies, appreciating arts and traditions of other societies among others. People learn about other cultures through adaptation of behaviors and norms of the society at interest. Trade, media, intermarriages and education have become the best mechanisms of passing the cultures from one society to another (Toomey, p10) . In conclusion culture has the same general aspects and traits within the different societies across the world. The only difference is how these characteristics are interpreted in the different world societies. Culture is no longer viewed the same as it used to be in the past. Many individuals today do not know about their culture due to the adaptation of other societal cultures which is often mixed with the native culture. This has given rise to societies with very diverse believes and many cultural conflicts within the society. Works cited Dennis O’Neil. (2007). Characteristics of Culture. Available from: http://anthro. palomar. edu/culture/culture_2. htm Harry Lionel Shapir. Aspects of Culture. Ayer Publishing, 1970, p23-56 Lull, J. Media, Communication, Culture: A global approach. New York, Columbia University Press, 1995, p16-34 Ruth Benedict Patterns of Culture. Mariner Books, 2005,p13-44 Ting Toomey, S. Communicating across cultures. New York, Guilford, 1999, p4-18