Thursday, December 26, 2019

The Realism Theory Of The War On Afghanistan - 1648 Words

There are, however, aspects that disqualify the realism theory in examining the War in Afghanistan. For example, realism explicitly applies to relations between nations and consequently, war between countries. This was not the case, since the war did and still does not involve conflict between America and Afghanistan. Rather the war was between America and the Taliban government that supported the infamous terror group, al Qaeda. For this reason, realist theory does not explain this highly controversial war. Another aspect that contravenes realism as an appropriate theoretical approach to understanding the War in Afghanistan is that fact that, America toppled the Taliban government within its first few months of the invasion. Realism cannot, as a result, explain why American troops and those of allied forces have not yet been pulled out of Afghanistan more than a decade after war started (Bird and Marshall 37). Another principal attribute that disqualifies realism in debunking the Afghanistan War is the fact that America made concerted efforts to gain support from the United Nations (UN) before commencing the invasion. This contravenes the assertion put forth by the realist theory that, a nation does not take the international system or organization into consideration when taking actions directed towards safeguarding its survival. The autonomous action stipulated in realism is particularly essential when a state is threatened and cannot afford to trust other nations. InShow MoreRelatedRealism And The Cold War843 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Realism? Realism is defined in the book as a school of thought that explains international relations in terms of power. This basically means that realism is a political view on global issues that puts stress on both the conflict side and the competition side in the scenarios. â€Å"Realists tend to treat political power as separate from, and predomi nant over, morality, ideology, and other social and economic aspects of life† (Goldstein 44). Now after learning all this information about realismRead MoreLiberalism And The United Nations878 Words   |  4 Pagesprojection of how international relations ought to be; now, liberalism is a modern theory towards peace attained with a state’s ambition for dominance. â€Å"Self-interest† has two definitions in accordance to liberalism and realism. Liberalism considers the measure of power within states through stable economies, the possibility of peace and cooperation, as well as the concepts of political freedoms (human rights). Realism believes states are driven by competitive self-interest; international organizationsRead MoreRealism And The Theory Of Realism1939 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The idea of Realism was unofficially was created in fifth century BC by Thucydides, and continued through Niccolo Machiavelli. This lead to the first official IR theory of realism in Thomas Hobbes, amd Hans Morgenthau, known as Classical Realist. From there Classical Realism evolved to the ideas of Kenneth Waltz, which brought along the ideas of neo-realism or structural realism theory. Then came offensive, defensive, and neoclassical realism. Overall the main idea of realism is defined by internationalrelationsRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies916 Words   |  4 Pagesin tune with the current international system and one that focuses on a foreign policy based on realism instead of a foreign policy based on idealism. In the following, I will look at the foreign policies of the current presidential candidates and I will discuss which policies are in tune with the current international system and which ones are out of tune with reality.†¨ Political realism is a theory of political philosophy that tries to explain political relations. It takes the assumption thatRead MorePower, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken : Taylor And Francis920 Words   |  4 Pages (450)First Annotated Bibliography: Guzzini, Stefano. 2013. Power, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Guzzini (2013) defines the important features of international relations theories, which define the underscoring themes of â€Å"realism† as a dominant type of political methodology for American imperialism. Realism is a theory that relies heavily on the notion of self-interested and fear-based notions of protecting national interests, which the United States has utilized throughRead MoreThe Cold War And Initiation Of Neoliberalism Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesframeworks including realism, liberalism, and idealism; furthermore, each has emerged into new schools of thought after the conclusion of the Cold War. The liberal school of thought has inherited many developments and new features since 1989. The ending of the Cold War and initiation of neoliberalism was expected to lead to a decline in conflict and result in a cooperating international system under the anarchic system. In addition, to the new features of liberalism, new features of realism (neorealism)Read MoreThe R ealist Theory Of The World Operates Within A State Of Anarchy1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe realist theory has been prevalent in history for much time, displaying its prominence ubiquitously in international relations. The realistic theory which has been examined and supported by philosophers such as Hans Morgenthau and Thomas Hobbes, concludes that the world operates within a state of anarchy. The states tend to strive and pursue for their own benefit and the primary objective for the states is survival and power. Therefore, an accumulation of resources and military is vital. MuchRead MoreThe United States Military Operations1694 Words   |  7 PagesUnited State (U.S) in Afghanistan was not justified considering soldiers and civilian’s causalities, the waste of time and equally so the mismanagement of resources. As a result, there are stupendous argument or proof to support these facts contradictorily; there are even stronger and amazing points of view that support the ju stifications of military presence by the U.S. in Afghanistan. The main reasons for the military operation by the U.S. in Afghanistan were to fight the â€Å"war on terror† and to weakeningRead MoreCompare and Assess the Three Alternative Theoretical Approaches to International Relations (Realism, Institutionalism, State-Society Approaches) in Terms of Their Ability to Explain Outcomes in the Issue-Area of War.1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of war and peace has become an increasingly important area concerning international relations over the past decade. Wars varying from Russia’s invasion of Georgia, to the United States involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan placed war on top of international politics agenda. These wars, along with all other wars, are started for various reasons, which different international relations theories try to identify. Theories such as realism or institutionalism may have severely different views onRead MoreU.s. Unilateralism And Military Intervention Throughout The World901 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Realism as a theoretical international relations approach to the problem of U.S. unilateralism and military intervention throughout the world. An exanimation of the post-9/11 era of the Bush Doctrine will define the premise of â€Å"realism† as a valid international relations theory that defines the unilateral invasion of Iraq in 2003. This aspect of the Bush Administrations use of military intervention in the 2000s has continued to expand under the Obama Administration. The theory of realism is based

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

American Workers Are More Beneficial And Cost Efficient...

Many American workers are at risk of losing their jobs to man-made machinery. One author, Adam Davidson,wrote â€Å"Making It in America,† and he argues that American workers are more beneficial and cost efficient than machinery. He uses his interview with Standard Motor Products employee, Maddie Parlier, to build his argument. Maddie is a low educated worker who was forced to take the job at SMP when she became pregnant her senior year of high school. Though she was quick and effective working the laser-welding machine, the unskilled job increased her chance of being replaced by a machine. Many manufacturing companies have found machines more efficient, but don’t realize the effect on American workers. Davidson builds his credibility with logical facts and statistics, and displaying emotional appeals to influence the audience; however, by the end of his article, his ability to influence his readers with his supporting facts strengthens his argument. Throughout â€Å"M aking It in America,† Davidson uses his personal experiences to strengthen his credibility and support his argument. The author’s sources come from personal interactions with the Standard Motor Products Company, including interviews with Maddie Parlier, Luke Hutchins (skilled machinists at SMP), and manager Tony Scalzitti. Tony comes to explain that, â€Å"Maddie is cheaper than a machine,† (Davidson 338). The manager tells us that low-skilled workers are capable of being trained in a short amount of time, whileShow MoreRelatedThe Advantages of International Trade803 Words   |  3 Pagesand demand are affected by global events or activities. For example, Political change in Asia could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes. Trading globally gives consumers andRead MoreComparison of Mass/Lean Production/Socio-Technical Systems1438 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, a myriad of approaches have been taken in order to develop the most efficient and cost-effective work systems for the American and global economies. The designs and division of labor of these numerous work systems directly affect productivity, work optimization, and the overall success of the economy. Production of goods of any sort stemmed from the division of labor. Production teams were originally thought to increase quality of work, dexterity, productivity and quantityRead MoreCarnegies Contribution to Industrial Business1058 Words   |  5 PagesCarnegie’s Contribution to Industrial Business It seems that, rapidly, business changed in the Nineteenth Century. Business transformed from a small-scale setting to a larger, more efficient standard. Workers went from being masters at their profession to unskilled workers making more products with the help of machinery. Not only had the physical aspect of business changed, but the organizational skills of being a manager were modified as well. There are many examples of businessmen that contributedRead MoreThe Mcworld As Termed By Barber892 Words   |  4 Pagesworld countries whom are following their footsteps ecologically. That is hurting the worlds ecology by such acts that the first world did but now are demonized. This is unfair to the third worlds whom are trying to develop but are kept down by the more powerful first world. The jihad world according to Barber is on that fights to be as small and as secluded as possible. Their goal is to fight off outsiders by any means necessary to keep their small community intact and avoid the integration of theRead MoreIndustrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthat was beneficial was the new railroad system. Railroads out west played a huge part in the successful expansion of our country. Prior to the development of a more efficient railroad system, the movement of people and freight were slow, difficult, and cost efficient. Most goods had to be produced and provided locally on a small scale. As a result, prices for products were costly. Despite that, with the help of federal grants, railroad developers were able to build a more efficient railroadRead MoreMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesI. Position Statement Is increasing minimum wage beneficial to society? I believe the United States Federal government should increase the minimum wage. Minimum wage has been a controversial topic in the United States for numerous years. Experts are constantly doing studies and finding emotional and logical appeals to support their arguments. Accordingly, when discussing minimum wage, long-term and short-term effects need to be brought into consideration. Throughout my research, I have found a multitudeRead MoreThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership1591 Words   |  7 Pagesback from the damage done by the financial crisis that started in 2008. The TTIP has the potential to assist both the consumer and the seller as it can improve purchasing power, create more jobs, and lower prices for the consumer. For example, the U.S is the export leader in agricultural goods and sells â€Å"more than $730 million in goods every day to the European Union† (USO16, n.d). The agreement would eliminate tariffs associated with those goods and create a free market that could benefit businessesRead MoreThe Decline of the Family Farm1811 Words   |  7 Pagesthe support and the respect of the American people. The Jeffersonian Ideal of a nation of farmers has been tossed aside to be replaced by a nation of white-collar workers. The family farm is under attack and it is not being protected. The family farm can help the United States economically by creating jobs in a time when many cannot afford the food in the stores. The family farm can help prevent the degradation of the environment by creating a mutually beneficial relationship between the peopleRead MoreInterpretations of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the midst of the greatest depression in the history of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt and his committees drafted The New Deal, consisting of policies which they hoped would help all declining facets of the nation at the time. The American people needed to heed a promising leader that would set plans to end the depression, a change from president Hoover who seemed to have no set plan for foe dealing with such economic crisis. The New Deal aimed to stimulate the economy, create jobs,Read MoreThe Impact of Automation on American Culture Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesA few decades ago, the dream of nearly every American was to one day own a car. In present age, this dream has become a reality for the majority of the population. A 2001 report released by the Energy Information Administration showed that on average America alone has approximately 1.79 cars per household (Household vehicles energy, 2005).With all of the luxuries and technologies that are made available for Americans, the United States has proven that they are one of the most advanced nations in

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Adaptive Systems Development Comfort Quilts Ltd †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Adaptive Systems Development Comfort Quilts Ltd. Answer: Introduction Comfort Quilts Limited is a business unit that is based out of Sydney, Australia and it operates with the aid of a website. The business organization sells eiderdowns to retail stores and wholesale outlets. Alison Williams is the owner of the business and the business has now expanded to a great extent. There are part time and full time employees that are engaged with the business organization. There are various business processes that are currently carried out in the organization. However, with the expansion of the business, there are certain issues that have started to crop up that are adversely impacting the quality of the services. There is an advanced information system that has been proposed for Comfort Quilts Limited to make sure that the problems with the existing system are avoided. There are various approaches and methodologies that may be followed for the development of the information system that has been proposed for Comfort Quilts Limited. These methodologies and approaches usually fall in two categories as predictive and adaptive approaches. The predictive approaches include a predefined set of methods and processes that shall be followed. However, in the case of adaptive approach, the plan and steps of action depend upon the nature of the project and the set of the system functions that are associated with it (Pope-Ruark, 2012). The approach that is suitable for the information system that shall be developed for Comfort Quilts Limited is adaptive system development approach. It is because of the probability of the changes in the requirements that may take place along with the involvement of various entities in this case. SCRUM Methodology SCRUM methodology is one of the methodologies that come under the adaptive approach for the system development. This is an ad-hoc methodology that does not have a fixed process or a predefined path. However, there are certain activities that have been defined that make it possible to carry out the project tasks and activities (Pathak, Pateriya and Pal, 2012). The requirements, specification and the factors that are associated with the project are analyzed and the product backlog is created by the project owner which can be termed as a wishlist. The entire project is covered and carried out in a series of iterations and these iterations are called sprints. The entire set of product backlog is sub-divided in different parts and every sprint accomplishes one sub-division of the entire backlog. One sprint lasts for a maximum of four weeks and can range in between two to four weeks. There is also a daily meeting that is carried out in which the activities for a day are planned. The issues and conflicts associated with the project are also discussed in this meeting. It becomes the responsibility of the SCRUM Master to make sure that all the project activities are being carried out as per the project estimates and specifications. A sprint review is carried out at the end of the sprint and the team then focuses upon the next sprint that needs to be covered (Mahnic and Zabkar, 2012). Benefits of the SCRUM Methodology In case of Comfort Quilts Limited, the SCRUM methodology has been selected and recommended as it will be the most suitable methodology on the basis of the requirements and specifications. This methodology will offer the following advantages and benefits. The processes and business operations that will be carried out in terms of the supplier information management and applications, report generation and extraction etc will be carried out with much ease leading to higher productivity of the business organization (Kaur and Bansal, 2017). There may be many changes that may come up in terms of the requirements and specifications. These changes may be done to the technology that is used or customer relationship management system, supplier requirements, reporting requirements and likewise. SCRUM methodology will make it possible to handle these changes without any need to carry out massive re-works and changes in the system being followed (Azanha et al., 2017). Every sprint that will be carried out in the project will be reviewed by the internal stakeholders, external stakeholders including the end-users. In this manner, the specific areas of improvements will be highlighted and the recommended changes will be covered in the next sprint. In this manner, the end product will be in accordance with the expectations of the end users. The employees of Comfort Quilts Limited will have an integrated platform and the availability of the same will be possible quickly and as per the promised schedule. This will lead to the enhancement of the productivity and satisfaction levels of the employees (Moe, Dingsoyr and Dyba, 2010). The information system that will be developed for Comfort Quilts Limited will be flexible and scalable in nature. This will make sure that compatibility of the system with other technological and automated systems will be easy to make and ensure (Machado, Pinheiro and Tamanini, 2014). The quality of the business processes and operations will also improve which will lead to the increase in the revenues and sales that will be earned by the organization over a period of time. Apart from the above benefits, SCRUM methodology will also make it possible to keep the data and information secure and protected at all times. The security and privacy of the information will be possible and it will be ensured (Cervone, 2011). Event table Event Event Type Trigger Source Activity/Use Case System Response/ Output Destination CQL wants to add new Internal New supplier to be added Supplier Create supplier A new supplier has been added CQL, new supplier CQL makes a new purchase Internal New purchase is to be added Supplier Create purchase A new purchase has been made CQL, new purchase CQL makes a shipment Internal New shipment is to be made CQL Create shipment A new shipment has been added CQL, purchase CQL adds a new product Internal New product/quilt is to be added CQL Create product A new product/quilt is to be added CQL, product Domain Model Class Diagram Use Case Create supplier Scenario Create new supplier Triggering Event Company wants to add new supplier in the system Description Allows suppliers to get registered on the panel of suppliers Actors Supplier Related Use Case N/A Stakeholders 1. Supplier Pre-Condition NA Post-Condition A new supplier has been created Flow of activities Actor System 1) Supplier clicks on Register as supplier on the portal. 3) Supplier fills the form and submits it. 2) The portal displays form with fields - name, business number, address, telephone, email, country, currency goods sold in and payment terms. 5) System displays a unique identification number for the new created supplier. Alternate Course of Action 5.1 If supplier enters incorrect details or does not enter mandatory values, then error message is shown in relation to the respective error. Conclusion There are various system development methodologies that may be used and implemented in the business organizations in the current scenario. Comfort Quilts Limited is a Sydney based business organization that is planning to implement an advanced information system in its architecture. The recommended approach for the design and development of the information system is adaptive system development with the use of SCRUM methodology. The recommendation has been made because of the advantages that this methodology will provide to Comfort Quilts Limited. There will be advantages in terms of the better change management, higher customer and employee satisfaction, flexibility of the system, improved quality, better stakeholder satisfaction along with the higher productivity and business continuity in Comfort Quilts Limited. References Azanha, A., Argoud, A., Camargo Junior, J. and Antoniolli, P. (2017). Agile project management with Scrum. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 10(1), pp.121-142. Cervone, H. (2011). Understanding agile project management methods using Scrum. OCLC Systems Services: International digital library perspectives, 27(1), pp.18-22. Kaur, R. and Bansal, K. (2017). Students Performance Analysis Using Scrum Practices. International Journal of Engineering Research and, V6(04). Machado, T., Pinheiro, P. and Tamanini, I. (2014). Project management aided by verbal decision analysis approaches: a case study for the selection of the best SCRUM practices. International Transactions in Operational Research, 22(2), pp.287-312. Mahnic, V. and Zabkar, N. (2012). Measuring Progress of Scrum-based Software Projects. Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 18(8). Moe, N., Dingsoyr, T. and Dyba, T. (2010). A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: A case study of a Scrum project. Information and Software Technology, 52(5), pp.480-491. Pathak, S., Pateriya, P. and Pal, P. (2012). A Case Study on Software Development Projects in Academic Knowledge Centers using SCRUM. International Journal of Computer Applications, 43(10), pp.20-24. Pope-Ruark, R. (2012). We Scrum Every Day: Using Scrum Project Management Framework for Group Projects. College Teaching, 60(4), pp.164-169.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The City Of Today Glorious, Glorious England. As The Empire Spreads So

The City of Today Glorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say "so does its glory"; others mumble of the price which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majesty's Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed? Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, "The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester." (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those poor wretches living in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a system ca lled "cottier farming". Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the "demoralisation and barbarism" of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness. Sir James does well in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his ("The City" continued) Vol.2 Page 2 _____________________________________________________ _______________ workers. Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London". Making a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this city! Mr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to elevate the working-classes' misery. What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre? Nothing! Yes, that is correct. We are to do nothing. Sir Andrew Ure, an M.D., who teaches in the university at Glasgow is a proponent of this controversial mind set. Traveling to these various "terrible" places, Sir Andrew came to a completely different conclusion. First, the workers suffering is being greatly exaggerated. Upon visiting these "horror zones" (factories), both on announced and unannounced visits, no such extremes were found. Instead of the finding the bleak picture Sir James and Mr. Mearns painted, Ure found something quite the opposite. Children play outside in playgrounds during their breaks, and factories provide a safe haven for the children from the ill-use of their bad parents. Second, the terrible food situation is an exaggeration as well. The amount of food given to the factory workers is sufficient. It is comparable, if not surpassing to that food consumed in the rural communities from where the working class came from. What is to be the conclusion of this bitter argument? one thing is certain, the Kay/Ure debate will continue with us as long as we have factories with a working class. This much can be assured. 19th Century Evangelical Christianity In England Therefore go and make d isciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Matthew 28:19 Religion was an important facet of the British Victorian society. It molded public opinion, dictated morals and values, and created social divisions. The dominant religion of the middle-class during this time was Evangelical Christianity. This essay will discuss the relationship between Evangelicalism and the middle-class. It will also argue how The City Of Today Glorious, Glorious England. As The Empire Spreads So The City of Today Glorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say "so does its glory"; others mumble of the price which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majesty's Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed? Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, "The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester." (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those poor wretches living in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a system ca lled "cottier farming". Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the "demoralisation and barbarism" of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness. Sir James does well in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his ("The City" continued) Vol.2 Page 2 _____________________________________________________ _______________ workers. Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London". Making a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this city! Mr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to elevate the working-classes' misery. What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre? Nothing! Yes, that is correct. We are to do nothing. Sir Andrew Ure, an M.D., who teaches in the university at Glasgow is a proponent of this controversial mind set. Traveling to these various "terrible" places, Sir Andrew came to a completely different conclusion. First, the workers suffering is being greatly exaggerated. Upon visiting these "horror zones" (factories), both on announced and unannounced visits, no such extremes were found. Instead of the finding the bleak picture Sir James and Mr. Mearns painted, Ure found something quite the opposite. Children play outside in playgrounds during their breaks, and factories provide a safe haven for the children from the ill-use of their bad parents. Second, the terrible food situation is an exaggeration as well. The amount of food given to the factory workers is sufficient. It is comparable, if not surpassing to that food consumed in the rural communities from where the working class came from. What is to be the conclusion of this bitter argument? one thing is certain, the Kay/Ure debate will continue with us as long as we have factories with a working class. This much can be assured. 19th Century Evangelical Christianity In England Therefore go and make d isciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Matthew 28:19 Religion was an important facet of the British Victorian society. It molded public opinion, dictated morals and values, and created social divisions. The dominant religion of the middle-class during this time was Evangelical Christianity. This essay will discuss the relationship between Evangelicalism and the middle-class. It will also argue how The City Of Today Glorious, Glorious England. As The Empire Spreads So The City of Today Glorious, glorious England. As the Empire spreads some say "so does its glory"; others mumble of the price which we pay for our greatness. Many of us Londoners have read, if not discussed, the intriguing debate transpiring between Sir Andrew Ure and Sir James Phillips Kay. Are the cities of great England truly representative of the jewels in Her Majesty's Crown? Or are they the stain of exploitation and abuse that some have proclaimed? Sir James Phillips Kay, an M.D. at Edinburgh and the Secretary to the Manchester Board of Health, has recently published a work titled, "The Moral And Physical Conditions of the Working-Class Employed in Cotton Manufacturing in Manchester." (Kay/Ure Debate, Handout) He argues quite persuasively about those poor wretches living in the most hideous of conditions. Half the blame he attributes to the Irish and the other half to the environment of an industrialised city. The Irish immigrants have brought to Manchester a system ca lled "cottier farming". Sir James argues that this system is responsible for the "demoralisation and barbarism" of the working-class. If that is not bad enough, the potato has been introduced as a main article of food. Influenced by the Irish subsistence living, the working-class are abandoning those values which promote increasing comfort. They seemingly have given up the hope of betterment and adopted hopelessness. Sir James does well in his description of the living conditions of the working class is living in. The mere thought of such suffering and misery is shocking to the soul. The problem Kay argues, is caused by combinations of poor living and working conditions, lack of education, influence by a lesser culture and the presence of great immorality. This recently published work is a plea to the Capitalist, to convince him to concern himself with his ("The City" continued) Vol.2 Page 2 _____________________________________________________ _______________ workers. Andrew Mearns, another prominent fellow on these matters goes into even greater detail in his work, "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London". Making a study of our city, he has reported, with astonishing detail, that the filth present in Manchester can be found in this city! Mr. Mearns makes his argument to the church in his call to unite and fight this growing misery together. He cites examples of immorality, poverty and heart-breaking misery. His call also addresses the need for the state to intervene on the behalf of the organisations trying to elevate the working-classes' misery. What can be done for the motherless children, diseased and ailing siblings and the poor forced into thievery for filthy lucre? Nothing! Yes, that is correct. We are to do nothing. Sir Andrew Ure, an M.D., who teaches in the university at Glasgow is a proponent of this controversial mind set. Traveling to these various "terrible" places, Sir Andrew came to a completely different conclusion. First, the workers suffering is being greatly exaggerated. Upon visiting these "horror zones" (factories), both on announced and unannounced visits, no such extremes were found. Instead of the finding the bleak picture Sir James and Mr. Mearns painted, Ure found something quite the opposite. Children play outside in playgrounds during their breaks, and factories provide a safe haven for the children from the ill-use of their bad parents. Second, the terrible food situation is an exaggeration as well. The amount of food given to the factory workers is sufficient. It is comparable, if not surpassing to that food consumed in the rural communities from where the working class came from. What is to be the conclusion of this bitter argument? one thing is certain, the Kay/Ure debate will continue with us as long as we have factories with a working class. This much can be assured. 19th Century Evangelical Christianity In England Therefore go and make d isciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Matthew 28:19 Religion was an important facet of the British Victorian society. It molded public opinion, dictated morals and values, and created social divisions. The dominant religion of the middle-class during this time was Evangelical Christianity. This essay will discuss the relationship between Evangelicalism and the middle-class. It will also argue how